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In lunar photography, the Looney 11 rule (also known as the Looney f/11 rule) is a method of estimating correct exposures without a light meter. For daylight photography, there is a similar rule called the Sunny 16 rule. The basic rule is, "For astronomical photos of the moon's surface, set aperture to and shutter speed to the (of the ) ISO film speed (ISO setting )."'' * With ISO 100 film / setting in the camera, one sets the aperture to f/11 and the shutter speed to 1/100 or 1/125 second (on some cameras 1/125 second is the available setting nearest to 1/100 second). * With ISO 200 film / setting and aperture at f/11, set shutter speed to 1/200 or 1/250. * With ISO 400 film / setting and aperture at f/11, set shutter speed to 1/400 or 1/500. As with other light readings, shutter speed can be changed as long as the f-number is altered to compensate, e.g. 1/250 second at f/8 gives equivalent exposure to 1/125 second at f/11. Generally, the adjustment is done such that for each step in aperture increase (i.e., decreasing the f-number), the exposure time has to be halved (or equivalently, the shutter speed doubled), and vice versa. This follows the more general rule derived from the mathematical relationship between aperture and exposure time — within reasonable ranges, exposure is proportional to the square of the aperture ratio and proportional to exposure time; thus, to maintain a constant level of exposure, a change in aperture by a factor ''c'' requires a change in exposure time by a factor 1/''c''² and vice versa. Steps in aperture correspond to a factor close to the square root of two, thus the above rule. The intensity of visible sunlight striking the surface of the moon is essentially the same as at the surface of the earth. The albedo of the moon's surface material is lower (darker) than that of the earth's surface, and the Looney 11 rule increases exposure by one stop versus the Sunny 16 rule. Many photographers simply use the f/16-based Sunny 16 rule, unmodified, for lunar photographs. ==Moonlight photography== Moonlight photography (taking pictures of the surface of the earth as illuminated by moonlight) is very different from lunar photography (taking pictures of the surface of the moon as illuminated by sunlight). The moon has an effective albedo of approximately 0.12, comparable to fresh asphalt. Since it is essentially a dark rock in full sunlight, photographing its surface needs an exposure comparable to what a photographer would use for ordinary mid-brightness surfaces (buildings, trees, faces, etc.) with an overcast sky. The sunlight reflected by the full moon onto the Earth is about 250,000 times dimmer than the light we get directly from the Sun in the daytime. Since log2(250,000) = 17.93..., full-moon photography requires 18 stops more exposure than sunlight photography, for which the sunny 16 rule is the guideline. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Looney 11 rule」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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